Points about broadcasted television

tv licensing fee:

Television Licence is increasing in price, by 2.68% (BBC Press Office, 2015).

Tv Licence has Annual renewals, with optional weekly, monthly or annual payments ‌(BBC Press Office, 2015).

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 Mono (colourless) license is far cheaper than colour tv ‌(BBC Press Office, 2015)‌‌.

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You can watch  TV programmes as they are shown on TV, or on iPlayer,  tv on television, computers and other equipment; you still have to pay-tv license ‌(BBC Press Office, 2015). 

There is a constant large amount of cancellations of Tv license in the UK ‌(TV LICENSING, 2018).

95% of UK households are licensable ‌(TV LICENSING, 2018)

'In the financial year 2018/19, 136 licences were purchased under the BBC multi-licence' (TV LICENSING, 2018)

total of 894,340 cancellations of tv license from the period of April 2018-March 2019 (TV LICENSING, 2018)

Tv (colour or non-colour) costs based on a licensing fee (low incomes Tax reform groups a voice for the under-represented, 2019).

If you watch anything broadcast you have to pay (low incomes Tax reform groups a voice for the under-represented, 2019). 

History of Tv:

- Television is still the main source of distribution (Aleksandar Mishkov, 2017)
- First commercial broadcasted 1941 in NewYork  (Aleksandar Mishkov, 2017)
-MTV began/went on air in 1981 (Aleksandar Mishkov, 2017)

- Simpsons first  aired in 1989 (Aleksandar Mishkov, 2017)

-Transmitter was the first tv? ‌(The List Love, 2014)

-BBC began broadcasting transmission in the UK 1930 ‌(The List Love, 2014).

-Used to pay weekly for television ‌(The List Love, 2014)

television a 20th-century invention (Anthony, 2017)

was black and white (Anthony, 2017)
transmission was first (Anthony, 2017)

Digital Revolution ‌(Arthofer et al., 2016)

1929 BBC broadcasts television, in 1930, the first British Drama 'The man with a flower in his mouth' begins (National Science and Media Museum, 2011).

There was a set back in the development of tv between 1939-1946, due to World War 2 (National Science and Media Museum, 2011).

BBC at first could only reach the London area, where its transmitter was located. However in 1947 'long-distance transmission' was achieved, although It wasn't until 1955 when most of the Uk (95%) could access BBC television (National Science and Media Museum, 2011).

BBC, one of the first British Broadcasters launch an internet service, called Iplayer in 2007, In 2016 one of its sub-channels, BBC 3 becomes online only (National Science and Media Museum, 2011). 

The main changes within television have been: television pictures using telephone lines, electronic images recoding, infra-red television, colour, stereoscopic (3D) television, Simultaneous sound-and-vision 30-line television transmissions, transatlantic satellites, digital TV transmissions,  Freeview free to air digital terrestrial television, HDTV, internet service that shows previously aired shows, 3DTV channels. The UK switching off all analogue terrestrial television (National Science and Media Museum, 2011).

Between 2007 and 2012, analogue terrestrial tv broadcasts are switched off (National Science and Media Museum, 2011).  

'22 September 1955: Commercial television (ITV) starts broadcasting in the London area' (National Science and Media Museum, 2011)

About broadcasted television:

'showrunner is actually beholden to the network, which licenses and broadcasts their show, and the studio, who helps finance the production of the series.' (Bennett, 2014, p.43)

'The license fee is the amount of money that the network pays the studio for the show, and they get to broadcast it for free'- Hart Hanson (Bennett, 2014, p.44).

broadcast network have higher budgets than cable, cable has more creative freedom than broadcasted networks (Bennett, 2014, p.127).

shows become profitable by syndication and foreign-market sales. (Bennett, 2014, p.43).

'Tv tends to commission for particular time slots, which determine Finacle and time constraints'

(Pilling, 2001, p. 30)

broadcasted shows have to fit a broad audience (Bennett, 2014, p.129).

Broadcast television consists of both satellite and cable transmissions (Musburger and Kindem, 2009, p.8).

Cable and satellite are subscription-based, with monthly fees (Musburger and Kindem, 2009, p.8).

'In the television arena, the target audience markets are very defined and niche, based on the demographics of the viewers and network's brand... is it aimed at preschool, tween, teen, a prime time audience or is it best suited to adults only... for animated features the audience is normally much broader, studios tend to include both adults and children... home entertainment is 

 also developed for a broad audience but its main focus is children' (Winder, 2011, p.64) 

Television costs are upfront (Antonioni, 2016).

'Cable TV then made it possible to go outside the ad market by selling premium subscriptions'(Satell, 2013).

Cable is for more demographic audiences (Bennett, 2014, p.129).

'Cable/ telcos: Provide direct, wired video, telephone and internet connections to their subscribers. Telephone and cable companies compete head to head in all three areas of service; telephone, television, internet services; and they compete with satellite for programming services.' (Musburger and Kindem, 2009, p.9).


'Terrestrial television: broadcasting, aims to please the largest audience to serve advertisers who pay for free television (Musburger and Kindem, 2009, p.8).

For Producers:

'digital technology has changed the economics of TV once again.  The democratization of production resources, near zero-cost distribution and crowdsourcing (along with crowdfunding), means that the supply of video content is exploding'(Satell, 2013).

' The key to success in producing for television is being quick on your feet and delivering fast'(Winder, 2011, p.55) 

'there are two different types of buyers...the first is a  group with a distribution arm, 

such as a network, cable company, or movie studio.

 typically it is advantageous to sell your property directly to one of these outlets, as the distribution and ancillary support ( licensing, marketing ect) are already in place.. although it may make more sense to sell your idea to an independent production house and partner.. as they are more accessible, can draw on their internal resources and experiences to develop and prepare your pitching to targeted buyers... it may also enough time for attention and allow it to create a franchise..

 it may also own an animation facility that could actually produce and develop the project' (Winder, 2011, p.66) 

'Even today advertisers rarely pay a significantly higher raw cost per a thousand rates for viewers based upon their demographics alone. Attraction of a particular demographic makes the shows commercial time more sellable - more likely to be purchased - but does not necessarily raise the value of the time it's self'(Stabile and Harrison, 2003,p.57).

'For all of its arguable complexity, much of what we find on our television screens therefore still emotes from decisions made in accordance with the first-order economic logic of the television industry: profits come from the difference between production and distribution costs versus revenue generated by advertising sales.' (Stabile and Harrison, 2003,p.57).

'The major distinction between the two competitors is that broadcast networks do not have the same programming freedom as their cable brethren. Broadcasters must serve the public interest, follow fcc guidelines, appease hundreds of local affiliates, program success is primary measured by ratings, the number of people tuned to a show at a specific time' (Stabile and Harrison, 2003, p.92).

To attract large undifferentiated audiences in prime time, which in turn attract powerhouse advertisers such as Mcdonalds and IBM, broadcasters try to produce entertainment and news programs that alienate a few viewers as possible. The cable network, on the other hand, have a different programming audience and bottom line with cable viewership, much smaller than broadcast numbers, networks measure success not only by ratings but the type of viewer watching their show'(Stabile and Harrison, 2003, p.92).

'The brand of a cable network helps attract specific target audiences, which in turn are sold to advertisers wanting to reach that demographic market' (Stabile and Harrison, 2003, p.92).

'A low-budget traditional 2D show can start at $250,000 per episode; a more high-end animation prime-time show can reach over $1.5 million per episode'(Winder, 2011, p.15) 

Program ratings: Ratings refer to the percentage of t.vs (on or off) tuned to a program, out of all of the t.vs in households. Ratings = the percentage of this (Musburger and Kindem, 2009).

'Total audience measurement index (TAMI) is in development in all media simultaneously  broadcasting, cable, satellite, internet, and mobile use as a total research value.'(Musburger and Kindem, 2009, p.3)

Electronic and proprietary metering technology is at the heart of Nielsen audience measurement. In addition to capturing what channels viewers are watching on each television set in the home, our meters can identify who is watching and when, including “time-shifted” viewing—the watching of recorded programming up to seven days after an original broadcast' (The Nielsen Company, 2019). 

'This measurement breadth allows clients to plan programming and advertising for their ideal audience' (The Nielsen Company, 2019).

Unlike streaming, that has a smaller amount of episodes and seasons, broadcasted shows have many more episodes and seasons, and the longer a show goes on the more cost increases (Antonioni, 2016).

you have to a certain amount of views or your show will get cancelled (Bennett, 2014, p.44)

'What the internet is capable of providing is growing, what TV is capable of holding onto is shrinking' (Bennett, 2014, p.217).

For consumers:

'Not not only did television re-envision our sense of the world, it remains, even in the age of the internet, Facebook and YouTube, the most powerful generator of our collective memories, the most seductive and shocking mirror of society, and the most virulent incubator of social trends. It's also stubbornly unavoidable' (Anthony, 2017).

'The presence of television is so pervasive that its very absence is a kind of affront to the modern way of life. Not only has television reshaped the layout of our sitting rooms, it has also reshaped the very fabric of our lives' (Anthony, 2017).

'My family, as IT happened, fitted into that strangely incongruous sector that had no inside lavatory or bath but did have a TV. This seems bizarre if you think about society's priorities, but it's a common situation today throughout large parts of the developing world' (Anthony, 2017).

The Good:

Back then there were still only three television channels in this country (Channel 4 was three years away from its first transmission). Today, with satellite technology, there are hundreds available from around the globe. That diversity has inevitably led to a certain amount of fragmentation, as well as huge variations in quality.(Anthony, 2017)

The Bad:

- There is a worry in the TV industry that in the next five years the medium will die out(Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

-There is uncertainty if the industry is going to continue to survive or die out (Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

Broadcasted channels such as cable can not keep up with the extreme spending per episode that Streaming sites do ‌(Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016)




'Among the many things that TV has reshaped are the dimensions of our bodies. That we've grown visibly more obese in the past half-century is in large part due to the paralyzing comfort of the armchair in front of the telly' (Anthony, 2017).

'Typically we watch TV alone or in a small number and gain a sense of being part of something much larger'(Anthony, 2017)

'Regardless of whether the TV is good or bad, when you are inside you can deal with the world on your terms. The very worst news can be absorbed and normalized in the familiar surroundings of your own abode. An earthquake in Asia? What's on the other side? A famine in Africa? Let's put the kettle on. Like listening to a storm from within the safety of a sturdy building, watching television is both unsettling and reassuring. While the content may be moving, you always remain at home.'(Anthony, 2017)

Broadcasted tv shows could earn so much more money from letting other channels distribute their shows; which was more possible from the ratings they got from the original airing, but with on-demand content, this has been taken that away (Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

with broadcasting, if a show isn't popular then it loses out on much potential profit and could end up losing money (Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

(Kennemer and Cohen, 2019) suggests that broadcasted television, such as cable takes away your freedom and choices; 'spoon-feeding' you content and programs. 

Broadcasting can be a brutal experience for producers and talents, with the risk of money loss from a show, broadcasters will drop a show if there are any signs of this (Antonioni, 2016).

There has been an exaggerated increase this decade in the production of televisions; Tv has become ever more 'Peak'. However in cable, despite rapid growth in the last decade, it's now beginning to decrease ‌ (Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

Broadcasted shows rely on advertising companies to make money back (and syndication); but if the views are low, then the money won't be made back as advertisers and other channels will not be interested in investing in the program or time slots (Antonioni, 2016).

Television also had issues with too many channels and its competitiveness (Antonioni, 2016).

Is it still relevant:

'While broadcast, cable, and other TV options maintain their dominance from a video viewing perspective, there’s no denying the growing reach of streaming across the U.S. But that growth is far from homogeneous across regions and markets' (The Nielsen Company, 2019). 

So television will continue to beguile and bore, frustrate and fascinate for the foreseeable future. And that's just fine because as long as the box continues to bring in the outside, there's no need to think outside the box (Anthony, 2017)

- There has been an exaggerated increase this decade in the production of televisions; Tv has become ever more 'Peak'. However in cable, despite rapid growth in the last decade, it's now beginning to decrease ‌ (Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

Broadcasted channels such as cable can not keep up with the extreme spending per episode that Streaming sites do ‌(Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016)

There is a worry in the TV industry that in the next five years the medium will die out(Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016.)

'In fact, research in the latest Local Watch Report reveals that the typical U.S. adult streamer spends an average of just under one hour (57 minutes) streaming non-linear content to their TVs in a regular day. That’s significantly less time than streamers spend with linear TV: two hours 42 minutes'(The Nielsen Company, 2019). 

CABLE TV (http://www.facebook.com/broadbandnowcom, 2016)

Pros:

• Quality: Dedicated line for high-quality video with no “buffering.”
• Programming: Hundreds of channels, with programs available date of release.
• Frequently bundled with broadband cable Internet for a lower price.

Cons:

• Availability: Only available near service providers.
• Cost: Generally higher than satellite, IPTV, and OTT streaming.
• Convenience: Requires a separate device to record programming for view-on-demand.

SATELLITE TV (http://www.facebook.com/broadbandnowcom, 2016)

Pros:

• Programming: Comparable to cable, available date of release.
• Availability: Coverage virtually everywhere in the US.
• Price: Generally lower than cable, and you can pick up some channels free with a general-purpose dish.

Cons:

• Quality: Constant broadcast means no service interruption, although storms can cause outage depending on setup.
• Convenience: Requires a separate device to record programming for view-on-demand.

OTT STREAMING (HTTP://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BROADBANDNOWCOM, 2016)

Pros:

• Price: Monthly prices as lows as $5, with much free content on YouTube and Hulu.
• Installation: All you need is a laptop or phone. (Having a streaming TV box like the Roku or Apple TV enhances the experience, though.)
• Programming: Wide choice of providers, with Netflix and others now offering original programming similar to cable.

Cons:

• Quality: Subject to Internet speed, with “buffering” and other wait-times common for slow connections and peak-hour viewing.
• Programming: While most shows can be found via major streaming services, some are cable-only and they generally don’t reach OTT streaming until the end of the season.
• Data caps: Many ISPs now have limits on how much data you can consume, putting a limit on how much you can watch each month. (Yes, even with “unlimited” plans.)

IPTV (HTTP://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BROADBANDNOWCOM, 2016)

Pros:

• Quality: High-quality video with fewer interruptions than OTT streaming due to privately managed content delivery network.
• Programming: View-on-demand and get shows date of release.
• Installation: requires no special installation aside from a set-top box, assuming you already have broadband Internet.

Cons:

• Price: Sold as a subscription at comparable rates to cable TV.
• Quality: Since it comes over the Internet, it can get slowed down during peak hours.

ITS ADAPTING:

A few channels are adapting to on-demand content or creating their own streaming services.

TV Shows can be a hybrid between streaming and broadcasting (Adalian and Maria Elena Fernandez, 2016).

the thing about television versus films versus the internet is if you understand that they themselves are not just ways to deliver content, they are actual experiences'- Ali LeRoi (Bennett, 2014, p.229).

'content consumers now spend huge parts of their entertainment time on their tablets, smartphones and laptops.' (Bennett, 2014, p.215).